In Defense of Sun Yat-sen
Written by: ChenKojira
It has come to our attention that many liberal ideologues have been misrepresenting the ideas, beliefs, and actions of the esteemed Dr. Sun Yat-sen. There is a widespread misconception that Dr. Sun was a "liberal democrat" who advocated for a modern, Western-style liberal democracy in China, similar to the systems in countries like the United States or England. This is simply untrue.
This article will systematically debunk the lies the West has spread about Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
Holding high the great standard of revolution, they rose in armed resistance and over a vast territory in China they set up people's governments, carried out land reform, built up a people's army--the Chinese Red Army-- and preserved and expanded the revolutionary forces of the Chinese people. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary Three People's Principles, which the Kuomintang reactionaries had discarded, were carried forward by the people, the Communist Party and other democrats.
— Mao Zedong, On Coalition Government, April 24, 1945
Refuting the claim that Dr. Sun Yat-sen advocated for a "liberalized economy"
While it is true that Dr. Sun Yat-sen drew inspiration from American ideas regarding democracy and republicanism, he did not, however, want China to replicate the modern American economic system. He was opposed to large-scale privatization, something Taiwan pursued after the death of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek.
Firstly, the America that Dr. Sun Yat-sen drew inspiration from was still operating under the Hamiltonian Economic System, also known as the "American System," which included the following policies [1]:
Support of domestic industry: The advocacy of protectionism, and opposition to free trade – particularly for protecting "infant industries" and those facing import competition from abroad.
Create physical infrastructure: Government finance of internal improvements to speed commerce and develop industry.
Create financial infrastructure: a government-sponsored National Bank to issue currency and encourage commerce where public utility was the ultimate goal, not private profit.
Henry C. Carey, an economic advisor to Abraham Lincoln, also proposed two additional points to supplement the existing American System (as outlined in The Harmony of Interests by Henry C. Carey) [2]:
Government support for the development of science and public education through a public 'common' school system and investments in creative research through grants and subsidies.
Rejection of class struggle, in favor of the "Harmony of Interests" between owners and workers, farmers and manufacturers, the wealthy class and the working class.
This system was ultimately "killed" in 1913 by the policies of Woodrow Wilson, who introduced the "New Freedom" policy. This replaced the National Bank System with the Federal Reserve System and lowered tariffs to revenue-only levels through the Underwood Tariff. [3]
Now, what did Dr. Sun Yat-sen believe when it came to economics? Here's a quote from him regarding state-owned economies in 1913 [4]:
“The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs.”
After World War I, Dr. Sun Yat-sen supported a policy of coexistence among various forms of ownership, including private, cooperative, and state-owned enterprises. He emphasized that an economy based on mixed ownership was neither a "capitalist economy" nor a "communist planned economy." He argued that a system dominated by private ownership lacked fair distribution, while a communist planned economy lacked dynamism. He believed that a mixed ownership system would be the best path forward for China [5].
He emphasized fair distribution and opposed class warfare. However, he stated that the only way to prevent open class warfare and hostility was to establish farsighted economic policies based on "People's Welfare." During China's early industrialization, economic policies should promote social and economic justice to prevent class antagonism [6].
The specific industries he wanted nationalized or placed under direct ministerial control included a central bank run by the government, which would be the sole legal issuer of currency. He also advocated for the complete nationalization of the shipping, railway, and forestry sectors, along with largely state-owned mines, fisheries, public utilities, and "engineering industries." In this context, engineering refers to construction, infrastructure, machinery, energy, electronics, and automobile production [7].
In Dr. Sun Yat-sen's book, The International Development of China, published in 1918, he further elaborates on the economic direction China should take. He advocates for the formation of various industrial plans, such as his First Industrial Programme for the Great Northern Port [8].
The Construction of a Great Northern Port on the Gulf of Pechili.
The Building of a system of railways from the Great Northern Port to the Northwestern extremity of China.
The Colonization of Mongolia and Xinjiang.
The Construction of canals to connect the inland waterway systems of North and Central China with the Great Northern Port.
The development of the Iron and Coal fields in Shansi and the construction of an Iron and Steel Works.
In his Second Industrial Programme for the Great Eastern Port, he outlines the following tasks [9]:
The Construction of a Great Eastern Port.
The Regulating of the Yangtse Channel and embankments.
The Construction of River Ports.
The Improvement of Existing Waterways and Canals in connection with the Yangtse.
The Establishment of large Cement Works
Hence, we can see that Dr. Sun Yat-sen was a strong proponent of industrial planning and the formulation of industrial policy in the service of constructing infrastructure. He also elaborated concretely on which industries needed to be state-owned or under some degree of state control, including [10]:
The railway industry
Rice Mills
The Silk industry
The Linen industry
The Cotton industry
The Production and Transportation of Building Materials,
The Construction of Houses, with allowance for private developers
The Supply of Furniture
The Supply of Public Utilities
The Motoring industry
The Printing industry
The Mining industry, under state control in which mines are leased out to private developers that shall be nationalized (if found profitable) after their contract expires
The manufacturing of mining machinery, with degrees of private ownership allowed
The smelting plants, with degrees of private ownership allowed
However, even though all of these industries were nominally under state ownership, Dr. Sun Yat-sen still wanted to utilize foreign capital to help revitalize and enhance the modernization of these industries [11].
Dr. Sun Yat-sen was largely in favor of using foreign investments to develop China’s productive forces. After World War I, he came to the idea that the victorious Western powers could be encouraged to invest in China. Believing that their industries would need to shift to peacetime pursuits, he calculated that even a fourth of the total expenditures in the final year of the conflict would equal sixty million gold dollars a day. By early 1919, he had identified where such a sum could be invested, including a million miles of railways and a multitude of other projects involving ports, mines, agriculture, and industry [12].
At the end of World War I, Dr. Sun Yat-sen further elaborated on how this foreign investment would work. In his 1918 publication, The International Development of China, he proposed that an International Development Organization would enhance the Chinese standard of living by providing the country with foreign capital, technology, and expertise. This international institution was to be created by "the various Governments of the Capital-supplying Powers" and would be tasked with arranging a loan contract with the Chinese government to support development initiatives in the country. Essentially, it would serve as a joint institution between the Chinese state and foreign investors [13].
“In this national undertaking, foreign capital have to be invited, foreign experts and organizers have to be enlisted, and gigantic methods have to be adopted. The property thus created will be state owned and will be managed for the benefit of the whole nation. During the construction and the operation of each of these national undertakings, before its capital and interest are fully repaid, it will be managed and supervised by foreign experts under Chinese employment.”
— Dr Sun Yat-sen
Another core element of his policy was the "equalization of land rights." He illustrates his reasoning through an anecdote about a drunken man who accidentally bid on a plot of cheap land in Australia. Angry about his unintentional purchase, the man ignores the plot for a decade, even as buildings and industry spring up around it. Eventually, he finds himself the wealthiest man in the country, as the plot increases in value due to the developments surrounding it [14].
Dr. Sun Yat-sen was greatly inspired by Henry George and his policy of Georgism, stating to American journalists that [15]:
“The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform. The land tax as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system. . . We will embrace all the teachings of Henry George and will include the ownership by the national government of all natural monopolies.”
Land value is created socially; thus, society (as the source of the spillover captured by landlords) is exploited by it." Dr. Sun explains that the most common consequence of Western capital has been land speculation, and that land reform must be implemented before capital can entrench itself further [16].
Dr. Sun also proposed that the protection of farmers' rights and the provision of a larger share of their harvests are deeply connected to the equalization of land ownership. Once the problems faced by farmers are resolved, each tiller of the soil will possess their own fields. He also supported policies encouraging that the majority of produce generated by farmers be retained by them [17].
The fundamental difference, then, between Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s economic policies and capitalism is this: capitalism makes profit its sole aim, while Dr. Sun prioritizes the welfare of the people. With such a noble principle, he sought to dismantle the "evil system" of capitalism in China once and for all [18,19].
In summary, Dr. Sun Yat-sen drew inspiration from the American National Economic System and Georgism for his economic policies. He advocated for the equalization of land ownership through land reform, state ownership of the "commanding heights" of the economy, and the establishment of a national banking system. However, despite his influences from the West, he criticized capitalism, seeking to dismantle it and replace it with "people-centered" economics rather than "profit-centered" economics.
Refuting the idea that Dr Sun wanted a “liberal democracy”
Dr. Sun Yat-sen was resolutely opposed to monarchism under the Qing dynasty, seeking to overthrow "feudalism" and establish a true, authentic democracy. However, what did Dr. Sun mean when he referred to "democracy"? Certainly not the Western system, given that he advocated for a one-party state in the following speech [20]:
“Eliminate pseudo-revolutionary parties. In order to achieve the effect of complete unification, it will not be like the first revolutionary era, when foreign parties entered and confused the truth with falsehood. It does not matter whether it is domestic or overseas. People must be strictly screened. The government will not accept anyone who is not specially selected and recognized by the Chinese Revolutionary Party branch or the Ministry of Communications, and will give them political affairs to deal with, making it impossible for the monarchist villains to carry out their plans.”
Dr. Sun Yat-sen believed that the mistakes of the past were rooted in the belief in multi-party democracy and allowing multiple parties to participate in the revolutionary struggle. This is why he founded the Chinese Revolutionary Party, advocating for its complete control and leadership of the revolutionary movement.
What’s even more notable is Dr. Sun’s speech mourning the death of Vladimir Lenin [21]
“Everyone knows that the Russian revolution came after China, but its success preceded China. Its extraordinary achievements are truly unprecedented in the history of world revolution. The reason why it has reached this point is actually due to the personal struggle of its leader, Mr. Lenin, and the improvement of its structure and organization. Therefore, as a person, from the perspective of the revolution, he is a great success in the revolution, a saint in the revolution, and the best model in the revolution. Now that he has passed away, how do we feel about him and what lessons do we learn from him? I think there are great lessons for China’s revolutionary party. What's the lesson? That is, we should consolidate the party's base and become an organized and powerful organ, just like the Russian Revolutionary Party.”
As Dr. Sun Yat-sen states in this speech, he wanted to emulate the party structure and organization of the Russian Revolutionary Party. Thus, his conception of democracy and political parties contrasts sharply with the political system of "liberal democracy."
Dr. Sun also criticized the proponents of liberal democracy in Europe and the United States. He openly stated that European and American capitalists feared "socialism" and that their political views differed significantly from those of his own party. He argued that the American and European political parties and governments had entirely failed to address the pressing social issues of their countries. Here is what he further states about socialism and capitalism in this speech [22]:
“The revolution in our country today is a revolution for the benefit of the country and the people. Those who support the welfare of the country and the people will implement socialism. Therefore, if we want to consolidate the welfare of the country and the people, we must pay attention to social issues. America is even more unfree than a despotic country. The autocratic emperor was one who always loved the people. Although he was tyrannical and unskilled, he did not dare to openly oppress the people. This is not the case with capitalists. Capitalists are those whose duty is to suppress the common people and are completely irresponsible for the suffering of the people. In a word, capitalists have no conscience.”
It is more than evident that Dr. Sun Yat-sen was ideologically opposed to proponents of "capitalism" and leaned much more toward "socialism." While it is true that he opposed some of the ideas of Marxism, he still nominally identified with socialism far more than he did with capitalism. Even on his deathbed, he instructed that the Kuomintang (the Chinese Nationalist Party) should maintain positive ties with the Soviet Union and further cooperate with them in the future [23].
Lenin also reciprocated the positive outlook that Dr. Sun Yat-sen had for him, viewing Dr. Sun as a progressive revolutionary figure. He stated that [24]:
“Every line of Sun Yat-sen’s platform breathes a spirit of militant and sincere democracy. It reveals a thorough understanding of the inadequacy of a “racial” revolution. There is not a trace in it of indifference to political issues, or even of underestimation of political liberty, or of the idea that Chinese “social reform”, Chinese constitutional reforms, etc., could be compatible with Chinese autocracy. It stands for complete democracy and the demand for a republic. It squarely poses the question of the condition of the masses, of the mass struggle. It expresses warm sympathy for the toiling and exploited people, faith in their strength and in the justice of their cause. Before us is the truly great ideology of a truly great people capable not only of lamenting its age-long slavery and dreaming of liberty and equality, but of fighting the age-long oppressors of China.”
Of course, Lenin went on to disagree with some of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s policies, viewing them as incomplete and unable to lead to a proper socialist mode of production under a proletarian dictatorship. This was largely due to Dr. Sun’s rejection of class struggle and Marxism as a whole. However, he still saw Dr. Sun as a progressive and revolutionary figure who would genuinely liberate the Chinese people and fight against their oppressors.
In short, Dr. Sun Yat-sen had different conceptions and ideas compared to the West regarding democracy. He praised the one-party state of the Leninist model, seeking to emulate it for his political program. He did not agree with "liberal democracy."
Dr Sun’s policy toward Communists
As we have established, Dr. Sun Yat-sen held favorable views toward Lenin and Russian communism. So what was his policy and stance regarding the communists in China? How did this favorable position toward the Soviets manifest? What concrete policies were implemented to reciprocate his friendship with Lenin?
At the end of December 1921, a representative of the Communist International, Henk Sneevliet, accompanied by Zhang Tailei, a member of the Communist Party of China, visited Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Guilin and engaged in three lengthy discussions with him [25].
These meetings culminated in the 1923 "Sun Yat-sen-Joffe Joint Declaration," which was an agreement signed between Sun Yat-sen and Adolph Joffe on January 26, 1923, for the cooperation of the Republic of China's leading party, the Kuomintang, and the Soviet Union. However, the matter of China’s claims on Outer Mongolia and the question of the Soviets relinquishing control over the Chinese Far Eastern Railway were not discussed and were decided to be shelved for a later date. In July 1923, Sun sent Chiang Kai-shek to Russia to study Soviet military and political conditions [26].
From January 20 to January 30, 1924, the first National Congress of the Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou. In his opening speech on the morning of January 20, Dr. Sun Yat-sen emphasized the need to reorganize the party and transform it into a tool for revolution and nation-building. The presidium of the conference included members of the Communist Party of China, such as Li Dazhao. Soviet adviser Borodin also attended the meeting. The congress confirmed that members of the Communist Party of China could join the Kuomintang as individuals, provided they adhered to the Three Principles of the People and complied with the Kuomintang’s program and discipline. More than 100 delegates attended the conference, including over 20 members of the Communist Party of China [27].
In 1924, the Whampoa Military Academy was established to train Kuomintang soldiers, with the assistance of Soviet advisors. These advisors included notable Soviet military figures such as A.I. Yegorov, Vasily Blücher, and Georgi K. Zhukov, who were all assigned to China in the early 1920s to help develop the Kuomintang’s military forces. Members of the Communist Party of China were admitted as faculty and students as part of the First United Front between Chinese communists and the Kuomintang. The political commissars of the academy were mostly communists, as was their director, Zhou Enlai, who later became the Premier of the People’s Republic of China [28].
In conclusion, we can see that Dr. Sun Yat-sen was very much in favor of working with the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Soviet Union. He helped train and educate CPC military commanders under the united front and even sent Chiang Kai-shek to be educated in the Soviet Union. Therefore, Dr. Sun’s favorable views of Lenin and the USSR were not mere lip service.
Chinese Communist views of Dr Sun
Now that we have established that Dr. Sun Yat-sen had favorable ideas and policies toward both the CPC and the USSR, what did Chinese communists actually think of Dr. Sun? We have a few examples to consider:
Li Dazhao, a founding member of the CPC, stated, “Dr. Sun Yat-sen had a great personality. No one, whether his friends, his followers or his enemies, could deny his greatness” [29]
Liu Shaoqi, a first-generation central committee member of the CPC, said: “The Chinese people, especially the workers, were oppressed by imperialism; Dr. Sun Yat-sen led us to attack imperialism; only when imperialism fell could our country be independent and free; although Dr. Sun Yat-sen was dead, his revolutionary ideology would never die; from today on, we must unite more closely to complete this revolutionary cause. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was a national revolutionary leader who fought for the independence and freedom of the Chinese nation and launched a fierce attack on imperialism and warlords; he respected the interests of workers, promulgated trade union regulations, and issued a declaration to assist the development of workers' groups; his death increased the future responsibilities of the Chinese working class; we must support Dr. Sun Yat-sen's ideas, follow Dr. Sun Yat-sen's strategies, continue Dr. Sun Yat-sen's spirit of "revolution for decades", unite the ranks, and continue to fight against imperialism and warlords; Dr. Sun Yat-sen's ideas and the victory of the working class will still be realized through our hard work and struggle” [30]
Chairman Mao, the founding father of the People’s Republic of China, said: Some people suspect that the Communists' recognition that the Three Principles of the People are necessary for China today, and our party is willing to fight for its thorough realization seems to be disloyal. This is due to a lack of understanding that the basic principles of the Three Principles of the People explained by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in the Declaration of the First National Congress of the Kuomintang in 1924, which we recognize, are consistent with certain basic principles in our party's program at the present stage, that is, the minimum program. For the Chinese Communists, fighting for the minimum program of our party and fighting for Dr. Sun's revolutionary Three Principles of the People, or the new Three Principles of the People, are basically one thing (not in all aspects), not two things. Therefore, it has been proved in the past and present, and will be proved in the future, that the Chinese Communists are the most loyal and thorough implementers of the revolutionary Three Principles of the People.” [31]
Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC since 2013, said: “We should learn from Mr. Sun Yat-sen's noble style of loving and devoting himself to the motherland. Mr. Sun Yat-sen's greatest characteristic is his love for the motherland. He pursued the ideal of realizing national independence and development and revitalization throughout his life, and he was unwavering and extremely firm in this regard. Mr. Sun Yat-sen said: "What is the most important thing for a person? It is to know how to love the country." He always urged himself to "love the country as if it were his life" and "never forget to save the country as long as he is alive." Mr. Sun Yat-sen had a high degree of national self-esteem and national self-confidence. He was not conservative, did not worship foreign countries, and did not flatter foreigners. He emphasized that "since China's society is different from Europe and the United States, the politics that governs society is naturally different from Europe and the United States"; "the right to development, if it is in our hands, it will survive, and if it is in others' hands, it will perish." He drew a truth from his rough life experience and long-term struggle practice, that is, to transform China, we must start from China's reality and take a path that suits China's national conditions.” [32]
These four quotes should be sufficient to silence any claims that the Communist Party of China and its members do not hold the utmost respect for Dr. Sun Yat-sen. As Chairman Mao stated, the CPC are the most loyal and thorough implementers of Dr. Sun’s Three Principles of the People, not the reactionary Kuomintang government.
Which government would Dr Sun support?
Now that we have established the policies and ideas of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, which government would he have supported? More concretely, which government aligns more closely with his beliefs: the People’s Republic of China (PRC) or the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taiwan?
Let us consider which country functions as a "one-party state" and which seeks to emulate "Western democracy." The PRC leans more toward Dr. Sun’s vision of a one-party state. Which country formally subscribes to socialism? It is the PRC, not the ROC. Which country is currently working with Western imperialism and collaborating with it? It is the ROC, not the PRC, that has allied with the "evil system" of capitalism.
I seriously doubt that Dr. Sun, a man who was wholly opposed to being subjugated by foreign imperialists—regardless of their ethnicity—would support a government that actively upholds and defends an imperialist project that colonized its people [33].
And furthermore, a government that tolerates the existence of "Taiwan independence" activists who seek to divide Taiwan from its own Chinese identity—going so far as to deface the statues of Dr. Sun—would be contrary to his vision of national unity and solidarity [34].
Even these so-called "Taiwan independence" groups acknowledge their disdain for Dr. Sun and their desire to rid themselves of a Chinese identity, something Dr. Sun was resolutely opposed to:
Today we must restore China's lost nationalism and use the strength of our 400 million people to fight for the injustice of mankind in the world. This is the natural duty of our 400 million people. The great powers are afraid that we may have such thoughts, so they have come up with a specious theory, advocating cosmopolitanism to incite us. They say that the world's civilization must progress, and mankind's vision must be far-sighted. Nationalism is too narrow and too inappropriate, so we should promote cosmopolitanism. Recently, China's new youth advocates new culture and opposes nationalism because they are seduced by this theory. However, this theory is not what a wronged nation should talk about. We, a wronged nation, must first restore our national freedom and equality before we are qualified to talk about cosmopolitanism. [35]
Dr. Sun, a man who resolutely opposed "anti-nationalist" or "cosmopolitan" ideas in favor of Chinese nationalism, would despise a government of Chinese people trying to cut itself off from its own identity. This is especially true for one that whitewashes the crimes of its invaders who sought to colonize its people. Dr. Sun himself justified anti-Japanese sentiment during the 1920s! So why would he support a government populated by pro-Japanese imperialist collaborators? [36]
“The Japanese government and warlords are doing what they want, and they still hope that the Chinese will not rebel, and the whole nation will unanimously adopt the strategy of making friends with distant countries and attacking nearby countries and perish together with you. How can this be possible? The fact that Japan has inherited the rights of Shandong from Germany today is only a precursor to the failure of Germany in the future. If the patriots of our eastern neighbors really have the same culture and race, they should urge the Japanese government to reflect as soon as possible, change Japan's national policy, and not invade China. Then there will be no more beasts in East Asia!”
Even if we look beyond the Taiwan government’s tolerance of national self-hatred and cooperation with Japanese and Western imperialism, we can also see that their attitudes toward foreign enterprises do not align with Dr. Sun’s requirement for state control over foreign enterprises through joint means.
In contrast, the People’s Republic of China has established mechanisms to ensure that state property is not expropriated by foreign capitalists but is developed and managed in a way that benefits the Chinese masses, in line with Dr. Sun's vision. For instance, the PRC requires technology transfers and the sharing of foreign technology with the domestic Chinese market to develop China’s productive forces. Additionally, it mandates the formation of joint ventures between state-owned enterprises and foreign companies to facilitate this technology sharing [37].While also having party committees and a corporate social credit score system to regulate all foreign corporations, ensuring they stay in line with the state's goals [38].
I think we can sum this all up by comparing how the PRC and ROC honor Dr. Sun to see which government he would support.
Let’s take a look at the ROC’s approach to honoring Dr. Sun:
Now let’s take a look at the PRC’s approach to honoring Dr. Sun:
It’s pretty obvious who truly honors Dr. Sun. In short, Dr. Sun’s ideas and policies align far more with the PRC than with the ROC today. We can safely say that the PRC is the true and most faithful inheritor of Dr. Sun’s Three Principles of the People, further proving that the PRC is the legitimate government to rule over China.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Dr. Sun was resolutely opposed to the ideas of a market economy centered around "private ownership," and he strongly supported industrial planning, state-owned enterprises, and state control of foreign investments. He collaborated with the Soviets and Chinese communists, holding an ideological opposition to "Liberal Democracy" while praising the Leninist one-party system. While it is true he was inspired by American ideals, those inspirations came from figures like Hamilton and Henry George, not from post-19th century Woodrow Wilson’s "Globalism" or FDR’s "New Deal." We can clearly see that it is the People’s Republic of China that has truly inherited the revolutionary spirit of the Honored Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
SOURCES
(The Harmony of Interests by Henry C. Carey)
(Woodrow Wilson's 'New Freedom': Progressive Reforms & Legacy)
(From Allies to Enemies: Visions of Modernity, Identity, and U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1945-1960 by Simei Qing, p19)
(Ibid, p19-20)
(Ibid p20)
The International Development of China, p2
(The International Development of China, p15)
(The International Development of China, p135, p140 p144, 149. 150, 153, 158, 159, 160)
Utilizing Foreign Capital to Revitalize China's Industry and Commerce
(Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China p111)
(San Min Chu I, p174 - 175)
(Sun Yat-sen's Early Land Policy: The Origin and Meaning of "Equalization of Land Rights", p555) :
(Sam Min Chu I, p175 - 176)
(San Min Chu I, p188)
(Sam Min Chu I, 198)
(ibid)
(Declaration of the founding of the Chinese Revolutionary Party):
(天下為公：孫中山傳, p275)
(The political institutions of modern China, p92)
Sun Yixian https://archive.org/details/sunyixian0000berg/page/491/mode/2up
(Art of War Papers, p19-22)
(Selected Works of Li Dazhao" (Volume 2), p844)
("Liu Shaoqi's Chronicle 1898-1969" Volume 1, p33-35)
(Memorial Unveiled for Young Taiwanese Who Volunteered for Japan's War Effort - TaiwanPlus）
(Taiwan independence group topples Sun Yat-sen statue | The Straits Times)
Dr Sun Yat-sen, The Fourth Lecture on the Three Principles of Nationalism, February 17, 1924
(The Chinese people hate the Japanese government's policy of aggression against China)